Adapted from my segment on Virtual Skeptics. That’s Virtual Skeptics, available now for all your skeptical needs on YouTube or virtualskeptics.com.
Last week, Karen L. King, the Hollis Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School, dropped a bombshell at the tenth annual International Congress of Coptic Studies in Rome: she had found Mrs Jesus.
Specifically, she had studied a small, roughly rectangular scrap of papyrus that contains a Sahidic Coptic text. The fragment is torn on the top, bottom, left and right, so it is difficult if not impossible to get a good idea of the entire context of the passage. The one thing that got people’s attention, though, is the phrase, “Jesus said to them, ‘My wife…'” Jesus also says that a woman, possibly the wife, will be able to be his disciple. He also mentions his mother and a woman named Mary, although it is not entirely clear if “Mary” refers to the wife, his mother or another woman. Although it is common in Christian texts to refer to the Church as Jesus’ wife, the personal context of the passage makes a literal interpretation of “my wife” more likely. According to King, “The meaning…’my wife’ is unequivocal; the word can only have this meaning. Given that Jesus is the speaker, the possessive article indicates that he is speaking of his wife” (King 18).*
Oh. My. Married. God! The Da Vinci Code was right!
Hang on a sec. First, The Da Vinci Code was not right. Not in any world. Jesus and Mrs. Jesus, YHWH and Asherah, Buddha and Buddhessa, the Vishnus, Zeus and Hera, Odin and Frigg could all come down from on high and proclaim in a variety of languages that The Da Vinci Code was right, but that still wouldn’t make it right: it would just prove that those gods are fallible and unworthy of worship. Such a declaration would immediately remove a god from the God Stakes.
More importantly, while King, who is not herself a papyrologist or Coptic linguist,** admits that “Coptic paleography is notoriously difficult to date” (8), she places the handwriting of the papyrus in the second half of the fourth century and suggests that the original (in Greek, presumably) was probably written in the second half of the second century (based on similarities to the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Mary and the Gospel of the Egyptians. So, assuming the fragment is authentic and assuming these dates are correct, the fragment is relatively late, and there is no particular reason to assume that it represents The Truth.™
King calls the fragment The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife, even though she admits that there is no clear evidence that the work is a gospel (not enough text survives to determine genre); there is no indication that Mrs. Jesus is the putative or pseudonymous author; and there is no evidence that she is even the primary subject of the work. King also uses the words “recto” and “verso” in a way that strikes me as nonstandard. Usually those terms indicate (respecitively) the front and back of a leaf from a codex. Here it is not even clear that the work comes from a codex, and even if it does, the paucity of text and the damage to one side makes it impossible to determine which side comes first. For King, “recto” means “along the fibers” and “verso” means “against the fibers.”
The provenance of the fragment is murky at best. The owner has chosen to remain anonymous, although he or she apparently also owns a 2nd- to 4th-century fragment of the Gospel of John in Coptic. This fragment came from the same batch of Coptic and Greek papyri as the “Take my wife” fragment (King 2). Where these fragments came from originally, no one knows. The anonymity of the owner and the murkiness of the provenance raise concerns that the fragment could have come from the illicit antiquities trade.
King makes several arguments in favor of the fragment’s authenticity. She notes that the papyrus seems to be genuinely old but admits that it is possible to acquire blank scraps of ancient papyrus. However, she believes that the condition of the ink argues for authenticity: it is badly worn and in some places illegible. The “verso” is particularly badly damaged, with only a few recoverable words. There are also minute traces of ink at the edges of the fragment, suggesting that the text was cut off from a larger original. Where the papyrus is damaged, the ink has faded or disappeared. King argues that if the fragment were a modern forgery on old papyrus, we would expect to see the damaged areas filled with ink.
The ink will be subjected to non-destructive tests. These will not provide a definitive date but should show if the ink is consistent with that of other ancient papyri. A more definitive test, such as Carbon 14, cannot be used because that would destroy too much of the tiny fragment.
On the other hand, the references to “my wife,” “Mary” and a female apostle seem almost too good to be true. It’s not just Da Vinci Code fans who are hungry for this kind of evidence. Perfectly normal, literate people have become interested in the gnostic gospels that suggest the crucial role women played in some sects of the early church. References to an intimate if not necessarily sexual relationship between Jesus and Mary have sparked a great deal of interest among feminist bible scholars and Christian women. And, boy howdy! this tiny, tiny fragment hits all the sweet spots, without containing a single complete sentence.*** Several other religious artifacts that seemed to good to be true, such as the James ossuary and the Jordan lead codices, were rather quickly declared likely forgeries.
The Gosple of Jesus’s Old Lady appears to be headed in the same direction. In the peer review of King’s article, two of the three readers questioned the fragment’s authenticity, and King’s article shows that there are anomalies, such as non-standard grammatical forms. King defends these by reference to the Gospel of Thomas, but its similarity to that text may be problematic. Within days of the momentous announcement, New Testament scholar Francis B. Watson of Durham University argued that the Gospel of Jesus’s Main Squeeze was cobbled together from bits and pieces of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas. While he makes a compelling case, it is difficult to judge, without knowing Coptic, whether the similarities result from a modern forger lifting scraps from Thomas, or whether, perhaps, the two works merely share verbal parallels.
Many of the scholars at the Coptic conference where King revealed the fragment have also questioned its authenticity, suggesting that neither the handwriting nor the grammar looks right. Indeed, the backlash has been so immediate and so widespread that the Harvard Theological Review has walked back its commitment to publish the article in the January edition. On Friday, one of the co-editors said that they had only “provisionally” accepted the article for publication, pending the results of scientific tests and “further reports from Coptic papyrologists and grammarians.”
So, it seems King’s announcement may have been premature, but she notes that she was looking for comment and criticism. In the draft of her article, she freely mentions the reservations of her readers. The media reaction to her announcement, however, has been predictable. Headlines scream that there is new evidence that Jesus had a wife or that King claims Jesus was married. Neither of these statements is true. It is well-known that early Christians held widely diverse views, even about Jesus’s nature (was he fully divine, fully human, or both?). The fragment doesn’t provide evidence that Jesus had a wife; if it is authentic, it merely provides evidence that some early Christians thought he had a wife, a view that doesn’t come as much of a surprise to scholars who study the early church.
A minority of Christians has reacted predictably as well, declaring the fragment inauthentic simply because they don’t like what it says. A commenter on a post called “Christian Scholars Not Fazed by ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife ‘” somewhat ironically declares:
This fragment is little more than another attempt to discredit Jesus and hence Christianity. Any impeachment upon Jesus’ character would be fuel to the devil which if this parchment were true would have been evident by now the devil would not have let an opportunity like that go begging. You [another commenter] blaspheme when you say that He was “kissing on Mary all the time” not only is that not scriptural but it defames His character. For Jesus to have a wife is to suggest that there was a passion within His nature which His Deity could not overcome thus diminishing His ability to overcome for the world. He would not have had the desires of a human in this regard because He came to do the will of the Father which was to live a pure and sinless life and die as God’s sacrifice for sin to atone for the sins of the world.
This is for you, “An Evangelist”:
References:
King, Karen L., with AnneMarie Luijendiik. “‘Jesus said to them, ‘My wife…”‘: A New Coptic Gospel Papyrus.” Draft. http://news.hds.harvard.edu/files/King_JesusSaidToThem_draft_0917.pdf
Watson, Francis. The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: How a fake gospel fragment was composed.” Revised. http://markgoodacre.org/Watson.pdf
*The Coptic word can mean either “woman” or “wife;” the use of the possessive suggests that “wife” is the more appropriate reading.
**Stop laughing, Brian and Bob. You’re adult men with beards–it’s not that funny.
***This isn’t entirely fair. There are a couple of complete independent clauses (e.g., “Mary is [or is not] worthy of it”). They may or may not be complete sentences, but they aren’t complete thoughts.
Skeptical Humanities 
[…] CNN also mentioned the Vatican’s reaction, as did Skeptic, while also linking to a post on the blog Skeptical Humanities. Paul Barford tells why he feels that the authenticity question matters. And Bill Heroman tells why […]
[…] CNN also mentioned the Vatican’s reaction, as did Skeptic, while also linking to a post on the blog Skeptical Humanities. Paul Barford tells why he feels that the authenticity question matters. Bill Heroman tells why he […]
I’ve read rather extensively in Gnostic Christian literature and the rather extensive literature about early “alternative” Christian Sects and belieffs and i found no belief among “Alternative” or “Orthodox” Christian groups for a belief that Jesus weas married.
I couldn’t even find among the writings of the early Church Fathers discussing the beliefs of “Heretics” any “accusations” of them holding the belief that Jesus was married.
In fact from what I can tell the earliest indication of a belief that certain Christian Sects held the belief that Jesus wa married was certain “Orthodox” Christians “accussed” Cathars of believing the Jesus was married to Mary Magdalane.
Now certain Gnostic writings give Mary Magdalane a lot of prominence to Mary has a disciple of Jesus but none, as far as I know claim that she was married to Jesus.
If this scrap is authentic than what it does “prove” is merely that this beliaf was held by some of the early Christian Sects not that it is true.
I am not impressed that this discovery was announce at a press conference, rather than published in a scholarly journal. It smacks just too much of publicity seeking.
We discussed the issue of “scholarship by press conference” in regard to both this story and the “OMG GM foods cause tumors in rats!” story on Virtual Skeptics. To be fair to Dr. King, though, she presented her paper at a scholarly conference–what seems to be THE Coptic conference. She also submitted her paper to a scholarly journal. It looks to me as if Harvard is the one that really jumped the gun with this story. I don’t remember where I read it (I’ve read a lot of stories on the fragment in the last week), and I don’t know if it’s true, but I somewhere I saw the suggestion that the owner wants to sell the fragment to Harvard and Harvard wants to buy it (or DID want to buy it). This potentially could become Harvard’s version of the Vinland Map.
And now, of course, the Vatican newspaper has declared the fragment a fake. This story also elicited predictable responses: “of course they think it’s fake!” and “oh, the pedophiles think it’s a fake.” That sort of thing. Of course, the pedophilia scandal is irrelevant to the authenticity of the fragment, and the people who dismiss the opinions expressed in the newspaper ignore the fact that one of the articles (the more moderate one) was written by a Coptic scholar, one of the organizers of the conference at which King delivered her paper. He echoes a lot of the concerns others have expressed.
Bentley Layton and Helmut Koester (among others) have now judged the fragment a forgery for reasons along the same lines as Watson, which signals the end of any need to hold a contrary opinion.
About your own post, however, one note. Any writing surface has a recto (easier to write on side) and a verso (less easy to write on side); it needn’t have been bound into a codex. In the case of Papyrus (which is made from a layer of strips of papyrus laid out in parallel with a second layer on top laid out at 90 degree angles and then pounded into a solid sheet), writing either or with or against the pattern of fibers; encountering the vertical strips of fiber on the verso makes the stylus skip.
Ah, I was going by something King said in her paper: “We use the terms recto and verso here to indicate the direction of the fibers, not the position of the folio in the codex” (p. 5, n. 7). The use of “here” made it sound to me as if she was speaking very specifically about how she was using the terms in reference to the fragment, although I see she cites a source about the uses of the terms in papyrus studies. She does elsewhere suggest that the fragment may be from a codex.
A blank fragment used by a modern forger would almost certainly come from a codex–an independent document like a letter would have been cut to size and not leave much blank space that could be reused.
King, of course, doesn’t think that the fragment is a modern forgery (or didn’t when she wrote the draft of her article). She says that both sides appear to be in the same hand, “which may indicate that the page belonged to a codex” (9), although she admits that a two-sided amulet might well have the same handwriting on both sides.
If she says that, that’s not a good sign. A scriptural text used as an amulet would typically be folded in put in a phylactery. This document certainly wasn’t folded into a tiny package. I can’t think of a parallel even of a canonical text which would have a two sided page excerpt like that; and of course no Gnostic texts have ever been discovered in amuletic usage (and many many texts suggests Gnostic amuletic texts would have concerned nomina barabara as ‘magic words’ rather than a quotation form a text like the Gospel of Thoams vel. sim).. A bit reaching.
Elsewhere she says the lack of folds argues against it being an amulet, but she doesn’t dismiss the possibility altogether. As I recall, someone else (her pet papyrologist?) suggested an amulet as a possible explanation for both sides being in the same hand.
Well now you made me go and read the article!
It looks like the suggestion of an amulet came from Bagnall, and while there is no more eminent papyrologist in the world, he’s not an expert on magical texts. She pretty clearly rejects it as an amulet, on the grounds of the lack of folds and the general shape being wrong, which certainly argue against the possibility. It gives every sign that it was a blank space at the bottom of a page cut out of a codex. After the forgery was written on it, they trimmed it some more so it would like an illicit dealer cut it out. Very clever.